LIGHTNING ANIMALS

The bioluminescence is the ability of organisms to cretae and emit light.

This ability is mainly found in marine animals, this is the 90℅ of the animals in the ocean, fpr exmple the jellyfish. It is also found in insects like the glow worm.

Bioluminescence is a ‘cold light'. Cold light means less than 20℅ of the light generates thermal radiationor heat. All these chemical reactions release energy that produces light.

Well, this awesome capacity in some animals have several advantages:
- It helps to scientists and artists alike. Biologists and engineers are studying the circumtances involved in bioluminescence to undestand how people can use the process to make life easier and safer. For example  it could help light city and highways, which would reduce the need for electricity.
- And this is also used by living things to hunt their prey, to defend against predators, find mates, and execute other vital activities ( communication with other animals).

¿what happens to the space remaning after oil or gas qre removed?

¿WHAT HAPPENS TO THE SPACE REMAINIG AFTER OIL OR GAS ARE REMOVED?

Oil is known as mineral oil or crude oil, and is formed from plant and animal matter that has broken down and been subjected to extremes of temperature and pressure over millions of years.

The resulting mix of hydrocarbons (hydrogen and Carbon) is a very valuable resource.

Over time, the whole chalk structure breaks down, the space is then filled with gas that breaks out and as the pressure depletes more, the gas expands along with additional gas from the oil to fill all the pore space where oil was removed.-The third thing that can take the place of the oil removed is the rock itself.-With a natural water drive or water flood, water will displace the oil and generally double the recovery factor.

Oil is found in rocks like sandstone or limestone called 'reservoir rocks'. The oil is filling the pore space or the fractures  BUT OIL IS NOT THE ONLY ONE TO DO THIS. Once you reach a certain depth  there is no air in the pore of the rock. The pores are full with fluid, either fresh water (usually at surface), salty water and brine (deeper), oil, gases (So when you produce oil, the 'nearest fluid' to replace the oil should be oil or gas.

Once a reservoir is not exploited anymore, there is still oil inside, This percentage of oil depends but it is usually between 30 to 70%. We leave a lot of oil in the ground ! The remaining space within the pores will be containing water or gas but it will NEVER content air.

30-HOW CAN WE USE GEOTHERMAL ENERGY?

HOW CAN WE USE GEOTHERMAL ENERGY ?

 Direct geothermal energy. In areas where hot springs or geothermal reservoirs are near the Earth's surface, hot water can be piped in directly to heat homes or office buildings. Geothermal water is pumped through a heat exchanger, which transfers the heat from the water into the building's heating system. The used water is injected back down a well into the reservoir to be reheated and used again.

Geothermal heat pump. A few feet under the ground, the soil or water remain a constant 50 to 60 degrees Fahrenheit (10-15 degrees Celsius) year-round. Just that little bit of warmth can be used to heat or cool homes and offices. Fluid circulates through a series of pipes (called a loop) under the ground or beneath the water of a pond or lake and into a building. An electric compressor and heat exchanger pull the heat from the pipes and send it via a duct system throughout the building. In the summer the process is reversed. The pipes draw heat away from the house and carry it to the ground or water outside, where it is absorbed.

Geothermal power plant. Hot water and steam from deep underground can be piped up through underground wells and used to generate electricity in a power plant. Three different types of geothermal power plants exist:

• Dry steam plants. Hot steam is piped directly from geothermal reservoirs into generators in the power plant. The steam spins turbines, which generate electricity.
• Flash steam plants. Water that's between 300 and 700 degrees Fahrenheit (148 and 371 degrees Celsius) is brought up through a well. Some of the water turns to steam, which drives the turbines. When the steam cools it condenses back into water and is returned to the ground.
• Binary cycle plants. Moderately hot geothermal water is passed through a heat exchanger, where its heat is transferred to a liquid (such as isobutene) that boils at a lower temperature than water. When that fluid is heated it turns to steam, which spins the turbines.
• carlos baeza 

HAS THE MOON VOLCANIC ACTIVITY

HAS THE MOON VOLCANIC ACTIVITY

Huge volcanic activity over three billion years ago appears to have altered the tilt of the Moon, according to new research.

Scientists concluded that the celestial body may have once spun on a different axis after studying its north and south poles, and finding that lunar ice was deposited in unexpected locations.

“The discovery of ice on the poles of the moon was probably one of the most significant discoveries in lunar science ever,” says Dr Ian Garrick-Bethell from the University of California, who was not involved in the study. “This goes one step further.”

The researchers concluded that the moon’s axis of rotation is now 5.5 degrees different from what it once was as a result of volcanic activity, which stemmed from a region of hot rock lurking deep beneath its surface.

In the picture you can see that the black color inside the moon have like little explotions inside. This means that previously the moon have had volcanic activity. The moon`s outer layer is like crystal, thanks to that the volcanic eruptions can pass through the outer layer.

Can a spaceship go through Jupiter? - Alicia Cortés

                 CAN A SPACESHIP GO                                       THROUGH JUPITER?

- Can a spaceship go through Jupiter?

  The answer to this question is no

- The composition of Jupiter

 Jupiter is made of four layers that are similar to the Earth's layers. The first one is like a type of        crust, the second is a mantle, the third is another mantle and the fourth is the core.

 The first layer is composed of hydrogen and helium (gas state).

 The second layer is composed of hydrogen and helium (liquid state).

 The third layer is composed of metallic hydrogen.

 And the fourth layer is composed of rock and metallic hydrogen and helium.

-Why this can't be?

  This can't be because, Jupiter has red clouds that if you touch them, it could end in a disaster.

  This red clouds, also hide a rocky core 20 times harder than the Earth's core.

  This cor, blocks any possibility to pass through 

  the center of the planet.

  Although this planet is formed by hydrogen and

  helium, is impossible to pass through.

-What will happen if we try to pass through it?

  If we try to pass through it, we should cross the planet radiation belts, which could extract

  all the spaceship instruments. Then, we should face to winds with the speed of 370 km/h and 

  with gusts of 650 km/h.

  In the outer atmosphere, the average temperature is 152 ºC, and near the core is 27760 ºC.

  

ALICIA CORTËS 

WHY IS EARTH'S ROTATION SLOWING DOWN?

Originally an Earth day was around six hours long, and the moon was much closer to us.
 
With Global Temperatures increasing, glaciers and ice sheets are melting, causing sea levels to begin to swallow cities and islands across the world.

A new study confirms that changing sea levels also affect Earth's rotation, because glaciers contain a huge amount of mass near the poles, close to The Earth's axis of rotation, which runs from pole to pole. When glaciers melt, the melt water ends up in oceans, wich have most of their volume near the Equator, farther away from the Earth's axis.

 One of the causes is the rise in the Earth's crust near the poles once it was no longer pressed down by the weight of the ice sheets from the last ice age.A phenomenon called post-glacial rebound that tends to speed down the Earth's rotation.

 
Other of the causes is the pull of the moon, wich tends to slow down the rotation of the Earh and makes the moon rotate quicker.

The principle cause of the slowing down of the Earth's rotation is the Global Warming, the constant increasing of the level of the sea, and the little amount of ice in the poles.

To prevent the slowing down of the rotation of the Earth, we have to contaminate less, so that the Global Warming stops.


RAQUEL BRIZ

why don't snowstorms produce thunders and lightnings?

why don't snowstorms produce thunders and lightnings?

During summer, the lower atmosphere is full of warm, humid air. Above that, it's cold and full of ice crystals. As the warm air rises, it carries water vapor with it, these molecules brush against the ice crystals, and this friction creates an electric field in the cloud ( like scuffing your feet across a carpet). The ice crystals gain a slight positive charge, and the updraft carries them to the top of the cloud, giving the cloud's bottom a net of  negative charge. Once the difference between the negative charged cloud bottom and the positive charged cloud top becomes great enough, it produce a electrification (discharged as lightning) or a sudden heating and expansion of the air (thunder).

But in snowy months, the atmosphere is cold and dry throughout, so there's no updraft to create friction within the clouds. Lightning and thunders will still occur at the frontal zones, however, where cold air meets warmer air